Monday, December 3, 2012
Leadership in Education
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Anthony
Reaves Sr.
Discussion
#2 Edition
I think most of Instruction Designs trends
have been influenced by Behavioral and Cognitive
Based
Paradigms. Theorist such as Gagne, (Acquisition Knowledge and Hierarchal
Sequencing),
and Ausubel,
(Theory of Progressive Differentation). Although now the trend seems to be more
Cognitive
than Behavioral. The shift seems to be leaning more to stimulus response
reinforcement
or the mental processes of the learner. I guess I have been a fan of this as
one
who has a
strong interest in the Social Sciences. So if I tend to lean more on this type
of
research I
ask for your forgiveness in advance. I believe that also that Constructivism,
(or active,
self-
regulated, goal directed and reflective), learner constructs encouraged
discovery and
exploration
that respond to interactive media learning and has also been a force that
expanded
E-Learning.
Instructional theories are constantly being synthesized into this movement. New
Instructional
settings are being produced at a record pace, new strategies, combinations and
sequences
are producing more Instructional Design Flexibility.
The
more structured Mastery or teacher centered approach, with its structured sub
goals
leading to
efficient performance seems to be becoming extinct. I cannot say I am totally happy
about this,
because it is still my personal belief that teaching is teaching and
theoretically
structure is
important in terms of basics. However I do acknowledge and affirm that the
self-
regulated
approach, (where student centered learning has produced undeniable success with
a
greater rate
to students graduating and older students like many of us here being retrained
or
updating
their skills). Elaboration Theory is allowing us to transition from Learning
Theory to
Discussion
#2 Edition Reaves
Instructional
Design. The reason for this is because it is primarily interested in helping us
or
telling us
how to teach rather than focusing on how or why people learn, (admittedly this
was
hard for me
a diehard Social Worker, lol). Elaboration Theory basically goes from general
to
specific and
uses Sequencing and each part of the sequencing has to be related to the
general
context and
to other parts of the sequencing which
is basically Synthesizing. These parts are
constantly
divided and subdivided until the desired results are achieved. This facilitates
integration
of new material with existing knowledge fairly quickly especially in the
context of E-
learning.
Where material can be assumed as quickly or as slowly as needed, or obtaining
more
accurate
assessment methods that require less time assimilating. Tennyson’s Linking
Theory also
helped in this transition by linking educational theory to educational goals,
learning
objectives
and instructional thought. It basically linked academic learning time with
learning
objectives
and self- regulated philosophical approaches to learning, (Very compatible with
E-
Learning),
because it improves the employment of knowledge. The Felder-Silverman Model
emphasizes a
student’s learning style or what a student prefers to perceive. It features
Sensory
(or sights
sounds and physical sensations), Intuitive,(or insights, memories, thoughts).
According to
Felder and Silverman), Intuitive learners are more comfortable with
abstractions,
(Theories
and mathematical models)and sensory learners are more comfortable with
concrete,
practical,
methodical, facts and hands on procedures.
References
Ausubel,
D.P. (1969), A Cognitive Theory of School Learning: Psychology In the Schools
6, Pp.
331- 335.
Brown, J.S.,
Collins, A, & Duguid, P. Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning
1989
Educated Researcher, 18, Pp. 32-42
Gagne, R.M.
and Briggs, L.J. Principles of Instructional Design, (1979) Principles of
Instructional
Design, (2nd edition), New
York, NY. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Publishers.
National
center on Accessing the General Curriculum, (NCAC): Effective Classroom
Practices
Report; Differentiated Instruction and
Implications for UDL Implementation, retrieved
November 2, 2012. January 2005 Journal of
Engineering Education.
Tennyson,
R.D. & Elmore, R.L. : Learning Theory Foundations for Instructional Design;
International Perspectives, Vol. 1:
Theory and Research, (Pp. 55-78), Mahwah, N.J.
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The Ethics of Teaching withTechnology
One Size Fits All Education Page # 1
Introduction
Most
educators are lifetime learners that is usually the biggest reason why they
teach.
Educators are finding out that it is not enough to
walk into a classroom environment with a
doctorate or more than twenty years of teaching in a
classroom environment, you have to
challenge and engage students. Lectures don’t always
grab their attention, they don’t come from
the same backgrounds or approach learning the same
way their educators do. They may be
diverse learners from diverse cultures and requiring
culturally responsive instruction.
Relationships have to be built that will encourage
students to meet higher expectations, (Davis;
2006). Every educator, every student, every
stakeholder has to take a rigorous curriculum of
character development. Students have to hold each
other to their best efforts, intellectually,
physically, spiritually, emotionally and socially.
Universities also are acting more like businesses
dropped out
of school said more relevant real learning may have influenced them to stay
inn
school. One
size fits all education really does not fit students needs but educators must
continue
to explore what to do about it.
Differentiated Education
Students
have to be provided choices to show their understanding and they have to be
taught
in a responsive way. Differentiated Instruction
allows students to learn and work on skills that
are appropriate at their skill level. They should be
given tiered assignments that provide different
levels of complexity. Students should be allowed to
choose their own topics or sub topics within
a framework the educator provides. It is a concept
that is helping transform the art of teaching
into the science of teaching, (Marzano, Pickering and
Polluck; 2001). This is an era of high
stakes testing when educators are forced to aim
instruction towards what will be assessed not
what the students really want to learn. Tasks
usually are designed to make information
One Size Fits All and Personal Learning Page #2
accessible, increase assimilation and concepts of
authentic ways that enlighten everybody.
Tailoring differentiated instruction is
incorporating motivation, making resources accessible and
encouraging collaborative learning. This will
encourage self esteem and academic success.
Gagne and Briggs incorporated cognitive theory into
instructional theory for conceptualizing
instructional design. Their instructional theory was
based on a set of capabilities and learning
outcomes that students acquired during instruction.
They came up with a set of requirements for
instructional systems design which included the
following:
The
system must be designed for the individual,
It should
include immediate and long-range phases,
It should
substantially affect individual development, and
It must
be based on knowledge of how people learn.
Teachers
are trained to ensure that all students in their classroom get the attention
they require
and all students require individual assistance from
the teacher at one point or another. This is
what makes teaching such a demanding job, but also
what makes teaching so rewarding.
Collaborative Learning is widely considered the best
approach to education, this is when diverse
learners come together. Students learn a great deal
from each other. Educators must learn their
students and find creative ways to adapt to suit the
student’s abilities and pace for learning.
Learner variables have already become important in
instructional theory. In the near future I also
see a trend where unique educator situations will
also be taken into account. As E-Learning
expands educators careers will also be expanding
because of the fluidity of the technology. Good
educators with a great foundation of knowledge will
begin adapting even more to existing
instructional methods, (Tennyson; 2010).
Personalized Education
Personalized education promotes education that is tailored to individual
student learning
styles, interests, and goals. It empowers students
to find their own paths to their own dreams and
create lifelong learners prepared for the modern world and the future, (Personalized
Education.org; 2011). In 1984 Bloom found that average students who
were tutored one on one
outperformed 98 percent of students who were
learning via conventional methods, however this
method is not cost effective. Bill Gates stated that
the best lectures in the world will be online
within the next five years, (Andersen; 2011).
Students would be tagged with Socratic Learning
questions, that were personalized to their own
learning interests, educational spaces instead of
brick and mortar schools, (learning management
system), and a person of authority or instructor.
References
Davis, Bonnie M.; How to teach students who don’t look like you; Culturally relevant
teaching
2007 Corwin Press;
Thousand Oakes, Ca. Pp. 6-11
Inclusive Education.org; Inclusive education, the practice of adapting mainstream schools and
classrooms so that students can learn
together each at their own pace. May 2011
Mazzano, Robert J., Pickering, Debra and Pollock,
Jane; Classroom instruction that works
2007
Quality Paperbacks, Danville, Ma. Pp.
13-29
Murdock, Melissa;
The disadvantages of a one size fits all education. June 28, 2008
Personalized Education.org; Personalized education envision,
create, empower. October
Primary Education Oasis.com; Differentiation in the classroom. October 31, 2011
Classroom.html
Robison, Mike; One
size fits all? Aged based tracking versus ability grouping in elementary
School mathematics.
December 1998, Msu.edu
Taylor, Valorie; One-size-fits-all-vs.
pick-and-choose-format. October 31, 2011
Tennyson, Robert D.: Historical Reflection on
Learning Theories and Instructional Design
Contemporary
Educational Technology, 2010, 1 (1), 1-16.
The Free Library.com; Avoiding-the-one-size-fits-all-curriculum; textsets, inquiry and
differentiating instruction. September
22, 2004
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Educators are Life Time Learners
We live in an era that demands educators become lifetime learners. Situated Design and
implementation is the key. Educators have to work with stakeholders and the community-at-large,
make the necessary changes in teaching practices that will make an impact on thier students.
Develop and evolve thier sense of belonging, trust, and support for effective learning. Educators also
have to be entrepreneurs, ambassadors in this new high tech world of teaching and learning while at
the same time remaining rooted and grounded in rigourous academic principles, theories and
philosophies. The technology has to be respected, advertised, acknowledged and even promoted as a
pedagogical and androgogical instruments. A primary means of communication and development of
theory that will guide systematic investigation an assessment. This way thier will be adequate
suspension of disbelief a focused curriculum achieving learning objectives and course relevance. It is
the rationale for teaching itself and the reason for embracing the new Web 2.0 in education.
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Refl
The Reflections of an Educator's Encounters with the New Web
2.0
Learning outcomes I experienced at Ashford University's Master of Arts in
Teaching and Learning with Technology.
Currently I am a Christian Educator learning my kraft at Ashford University and at the end ofmy journey at the university. The technology has afforded me me leaps and bounds in my
work because I am also an Administrator of a Non-Profit. Currently I design curriculum for Bible
students,do fundraising and grantwriting. However, this has been a partime experience that I will be
expanding in the near future. Communication is the biggest plus of the technology, access is
expanded via asynchronous and synchronous instruction. Because of the technology not only
students can learn anytime anywhere but educators can also connect with new mentoring
opportunities, and experience the potential of the new technologies. That means teacher
development, blended programs for educators learning on the job, development of community and
changes in teacher practice. I have learned at Ashford University (A) how to make well informed
decisions in an educational context about computers and thier use, (B) the adaption of available
software, (C) integration of courses and practical experience, (D) provisions of ongoing support and
(E) the value of collaborating with other educators. Today there is a growing virtual online
community that is bustling and I have became a member of and it will strengthen the cohesion of the
learning community. I am proud to share my experiences and my reflections in this portfolio with
you. Please refer to portal below for more information about Anthony Reaves Sr.
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Monday, August 1, 2011
The World is Flat ?
This week I read The World is Flat by Thomas Friedman, it was very interesting because he had came to the conclusion that Globalization had changed key economic concepts. One of the assumptions is that the United States was either falling behind or close to even in technological advances. Mr. Friedman was making this assumtion while visiting India. He lists 10 distinct events that he says proves that the world is flatenning, and that America's role is diminishing including with business and economic superiority. What amazes me though is how many foreign exchange students I saw in my undergrad programs or how many Grants, Scholarships they received. I don't agree that the playing field is being lowered I just believe that here in the United States we pay more for our Technology. Yes everything is computerized,videoconferencing, Web 2.0, videochatting etc. Its all microwave, and information is travelling at a much faster pace. I would like to propose that some of the readers read the article, The World is Spiky, Globalization has changed the economic playing field, but has not leveled it and compare it with The World is Flat.
Tuesday, July 26, 2011
Facebook Applications for the Educational Setting
It has been interesting, how Facebook and Google have been trying to one up each other. However as a consumer I welcome the competition. For example, Google recently introduced its Google Plus Social Website to compete with Facebook. But as you know Facebook is the king of the hill of all social networks. For example, Facebook has an excellent relationship with Microsoft. This is glaringly evident because Microsoft owns 1.6 shares of Facebook and they probably will be buying up more shares in the future. Microsoft just bought out Skype and entered into an alliance with Facebook. I am sure that Facebook is overjoyed because they know that Microsoft will treat them as a partner and not dig deep into thier pockets for the new Skype partnership they have. The Skype Application was rolled out in June on Facebook and has the potential of eliminating text dominated platforms on Facebook. In other words the written word will no longer be the king of the jungle on Facebook. Not sure though how much current Skype users will feel about it though since costs of the service are sure to go up. But for Facebook users its great, they will be able to Video Call, text, or conference call, (up to nine persons),any of thier friends who have Skype. For educators this is a very cheap way to establish group collaborations, consultations, and conferences around the world. They will be able to esatablish social and other experiments in a in time display. This will dramatically decrease costs and time to complete assignments and will definetly expand thier ability to establish relationships with students other educators, parents, and other stakehholders. Imagine the fundraising and grantwriting opportunities via E-mail and Video Chatting in time. Sychronizing both video chatting and e-mail at the same time while fundraising, grantwriting, or consulting, this is a win-win for educators. Facebook already has 20 million subscribers in the United States, I can see that with this new Skype Application they are about to get a lot more. The Skype application is a privarte communication much like the chat line application that Facebook already has. Those who use the Skype application will have to have to be upgraded to at least Skype 5.0. Facebook users with the Skype application only have to click the video calling feature at top of thier chat window in order to start communicating over the video. However, even if you are a Mac user this is not so good because the Skype feature is only applicable to Windows.
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